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Initial rotation year
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Plant population
Age of plant at start of simulation
Initial residue cover
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Curve number for hydrologic soil group A
Curve number for hydrologic soil group B
Curve number for hydrologic soil group C
Curve number for hydrologic soil group D
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USLE P factor
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Calibration group
User-defined calibration groups that can be used as conditions in calibration.cal.
There are several SWAT+ files that control the simulation of land use and management. The file landuse.lum summarizes the main land use information and references several other files that specify the details:
plant.ini stores information about the plants growing in a rotation or plant community,
management.sch is used to schedule management operations by heat units or dates and/or to list the decision tables to use for scheduling and conditioning management operations,
lum.dtl contains the land use and management decision tables,
cntable.lum lists typical Curve Number values for different land use types,
cons_practice.lum lists the USLE P values and slope lengths for various conservation practices,
ovn_table.lum lists overland Manning's n values for different tillage and land cover types.
Pointer to the conservation practice database
The pointer to the conservation practice database is a foreign key referencing name in cons_practice.lum.
This file summarizes the main land use information and references several other files that specify the details.
| Field | Description | Type |
|---|---|---|
Name of the land use and management record
string
Calibration group
string
Pointer to the plant community file
string
Pointer to the management schedule file
string
Pointer to the Curve Number database
string
Pointer to the conservation practice database
string
Pointer to the urban database
string
Urban runoff simulation option
string
Pointer to the overland Manning's n database
string
Pointer to the tile drain file
string
Pointer to the septic file
string
Pointer to the filter strip file
string
Pointer to the grassed waterway file
string
Pointer to the user BMP file
string
Pointer to the Curve Number database
The pointer to the Curve Number database file is a foreign key referencing in .
Pointer to the management schedule file
The pointer to the management schedule file is a foreign key referencing in .
Pointer to the filter strip file
The pointer to the filter strip file is a foreign key referencing name in filterstrip.str.
Pointer to the overland Manning's n database
The pointer to the overland Manning's n database is a foreign key referencing name in ovn_table.lum.
Name of the land use and management record
The name of the land use and management record is a primary key referenced by lu_mgt in hru-data.hru. All names in the landuse.lum file must be unique.
Pointer to the user BMP file
The pointer to the user BMP file is a foreign key referencing name in bmpuser.str.
Pointer to the septic file
The pointer to the septic file is a foreign key referencing name in septic.str.
Urban runoff simulation option
Most large watersheds and river basins contain areas of urban land use. Estimates of the quantity and quality of runoff in urban areas are required for comprehensive management analysis. SWAT+ calculates runoff from urban areas with the SCS curve number method or the Green & Ampt equation. Loadings of sediment and nutrients are determined using one of two options. The first is a set of linear regression equations developed by the USGS (Driver and Tasker, 1988) for estimating storm runoff volumes and constituent loads. The other option is to simulate the build-up and wash-off mechanisms, similar to SWMM (Storm Water Management Model; Huber and Dickinson, 1988).
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
Driver and Tasker (1988)
Huber and Dickinson (1988)
usgs_reg
USGS regression equations
buildup_washoff
build-up/wash-off algorithm
Pointer to the grassed waterway file
The pointer to the grassed waterway file is a foreign key referencing name in grassedww.str.
Number of plants in the community
This number must be consistent with the number of plants listed for the community.
Initial fraction of plant heat units accumulated
This variable is required for plants that are growing at the beginning of the simulation (lc_status = y).
Pointer to the tile drain file
The pointer to the tile drain file is a foreign key referencing name in tiledrain.str.
This file stores information about the plants growing in a plant community.
A plant community can consist of plants growing at the same time or plants growing in rotation.
The structure of the file plant.ini is different than that of most other SWAT+ input files. The first line for each plant community specifies how many plants there are in the community and what the initial year of the rotation is. It is followed by one line per plant in the community.
| Field | Description | Type | Unit | Default | Range |
|---|
Plant community name | string | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Number of plants in the community | integer | n/a |
Initial rotation year | integer | n/a |
Plant name as in plant database | string | n/a | n/a |
Land cover status at start of simulation | string | n/a | n/a |
Initial Leaf Area Index | real | m^2/m^2 | 0.0 | 0.0-8.0 |
Initial plant biomass | real | kg/ha | 0.0 | 0.0-1000.0 |
Initial fraction of plant heat units accumulated | real | fraction | 0.0 | 0.0-100.0 |
Plant population | real | n/a | 0.0 |
Age of plant at start of simulation | real | years | 0.0 |
Initial residue cover | real | kg/ha | 10000.00 | 0.0-10000.0 |
This file is used to schedule management operations.
Management operations can be scheduled by heat units/dates or by Decision Tables.
The structure of the management.sch file is different than that of most other SWAT+ input files. The first line for each management schedule specifies the name of the schedule and the number of scheduled and/or automatic operations. When using scheduled operations, it is followed by one line per operation listing operation-specific data. The operations must be scheduled by date (Heat Unit scheduling must be done using a Decision Table) listed in chronological order. For automatic operations, the names of the Decision Tables in lum.dtl are listed (one name per line). Behind the name of a Decision Table, the user may list the crop(s) used in the Decision Table, which can be useful when the same Decision Table is used for different crop rotations (see xxx in yyy).
The user may use both scheduled operations and Decision Tables for the same land use. If doing so, the names of the DTs should be listed first.
| Field | Description | Type |
|---|---|---|
Initial Leaf Area Index
This variable is required for plants that are growing at the beginning of the simulation ( = y).
Name of the management schedule
string
numb_ops
Number of scheduled management operations
integer
numb_auto
Number of automatic operations
integer
Type of management operation
string
mon
Month operation is scheduled for
integer
day
Day operation is scheduled for
integer
hu_sch
Currently not used
real
Operation data 1
string
Operation data 2
string
Operation data 3
real
Plant community name
The name of the plant community is a primary key referenced by plnt_com in landuse.lum. All names in the plant.ini file must be unique.
Name of the management schedule
The name of the management schedule is a primary key referenced by mgt in landuse.lum. All names in the management.sch file must be unique.
Plant name as in plant database
The plant name is a foreign key referencing the primary key name in plants.plt.
Initial plant biomass
This variable is required for plants that are growing at the beginning of the simulation (lc_status = y).
Maximum slope length
Operation data 1
| Operation | Use of variable |
|---|---|
Land cover status at start of simulation
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
Operation data 3
| Operation | Use of variable |
|---|---|
This file lists typical Curve Number values for different land use types.
The SCS curve number is a function of the soil’s permeability, land use and antecedent soil water conditions. Typical curve numbers for moisture condition II are listed in the following tables for various land covers and soil types (SCS Engineering Division, 1986). These values are appropriate for a 5% slope.
| Field | Description | Type | Unit | Default | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCS Engineering Division, 1986
pcom
???
plnt
Plant in the plant community to be planted
harv
Plant in the plant community (plant.ini) to be harvested
hvkl
Plant in the plant community (plant.ini) to be harvested and killed
kill
Plant in the plant community (plant.ini) to be killed
mons
???
till
Name of tillage type in tillage.til database
irrm
Name of irrigation operation in irr.ops file
irra
Name of irrigation operation in irr.ops file
fert
Name of fertilizer in fertilizer.frt database
frta
Name of fertilizer in fertilizer.frt database
frtc
Name of fertilizer in fertilizer.frt database
pest
Name of pesticide in pesticide.pes database
pstc
Name of pesticide in pesticide.pes database
graz
???
burn
???
swep
???
prtp
???
skip
not used
n
Plant not growing
y
Plant growing
pcom
plnt
harv
hvkl
kill
mons
till
irrm
irra
fert
frta
frtc
pest
pstc
graz
burn
swep
prtp
skip
Curve Number class name
string
n/a
n/a
n/a
Curve Number for Hydrologic Soil Group A
real
none
Varies by land use
30.0-100.0
Curve Number for Hydrologic Soil Group B
real
none
Varies by land use
30.0-100.0
Curve Number for Hydrologic Soil Group C
real
none
Varies by land use
30.0-100.0
Curve Number for Hydrologic Soil Group D
real
none
Varies by land use
30.0-100.0
Overland flow Manning's N minimum
This value is not used by the model. It is included in the file to help users stay within reasonable ranges during calibration.
Overland flow Manning's N maximum
This value is not used by the model. It is included in the file to help users stay within reasonable ranges during calibration.
Operation data 2
| Operation | Use of variable |
|---|---|
Type of management operation
| Code | Operation | Description |
|---|---|---|
Overland flow Manning's n class name
The overland flow Manning's n class name is a primary key referenced by ov_mann in landuse.lum. All names in the ovn_table.lum file must be unique.
| Name | Land use/tillage type | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
This file lists the USLE P values and slope lengths for various conservation practices.
| Field | Description | Type | Unit | Default | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This file lists overland Manning's n values for different tillage and land cover types.
| Field | Description | Type | Unit | Default | Range |
|---|
pcom
plnt
harv
hvkl
kill
mons
till
irrm
irra
fert
frta
frtc
pest
pstc
graz
burn
swep
prtp
skip
pcom
Plant community
This operation initializes the plant community in the HRU
plnt
Planting/beginning of growing season
This operation initializes the growth of a specific land cover/plant type in the HRU
harv
Harvest
This operation harvests the portion of the plant designated as yield and removes the yield from the HRU, but allows the plant to continue to grow (e.g. hay cuttings)
hvkl
Harvest and kill
This operation harvests the portion of the plant designated as yield, removes the yield from the HRU and converts the remaining plant biomass to residue on the soil surface
kill
Kill
This operation kills the plant and converts the plant biomass to residue on the soil surface
till
Tillage
This operation mixes the upper soil layers and redistributes the nutrients/chemicals within those layers
irrm
Scheduled irrigation
This operation applies water to the HRU on the specified day
fert
Fertilizer application
This operation adds nutrients to the soil in the specified day
pest
Pesticide application
This operation applies a pesticide to the plant and/or soil on the specified day
graz
Grazing
This operation removes plant biomass at a specified rate and allows simultaneous application of manure
burn
Burning
This operation records the biomass, residue and phosphorus that is burned
swep
Street sweeping
This operation removes sediment and nutrient build-up on impervious areas in the HRU; can only be used when the urban build-up/wash-off routines are activated for the HRU
skip
Skipping
This operation skips to the end of the year
fallow_nores
Fallow
No residue
convtill_nores
Conventional tillage
No residue
convtill_res
Conventional tillage
Residue
chisplow_nores
Chisel plow
No residue
chisplow_res
Chisel plow
Residue
falldisk_res
Fall disking
Residue
notill_nores
No tillage
No residue
notill_0.5-1res
No tillage
0.5-1 t/ha residue
notill_2-9res
No tillage
2-9 t/ha residue
range_sparse
Rangeland with sparse cover
---
range_20cover
Rangeland with 20% cover
---
shortgrass
Short grass prairie
---
densegrass
Dense grass
---
bermudagrass
Bermudagrass
---
forest_light
Light forest
---
forest_med
Medium forest
---
forest_heavy
Heavy forest
---
urban_asphalt
Urban area with asphalt
---
urban_concrete
Urban area with concrete
---
urban_rubble
Urban area with rubble
---
Name of the conservation practice
string
​n/a
n/a
n/a
USLE P factor
​real
none
1.0
0.0-1.0
Maximum slope length
real
m
1.0
Overland flow Manning's n class name | string | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Mean overland flow Manning’s n value | real | n/a | 0.5 |
Minimum overland flow Manning’s n value | real | n/a | 0.5 |
Maximum overland flow Manning’s n value | real | n/a | 0.5 |
Curve Number class name
The name of the Curve Number class is a primary key referenced by cn2 in landuse.lum. All names in the cntable.lum file must be unique.
The name describes the land use type, treatment, and cover condition the Curve Number Values are valid for.
| Name | Land use type | Treatment | Cover condition |
|---|---|---|---|
fal_bare
Fallow
Bare soil
fal_res_p
Fallow
Crop residue
Poor
fal_res_g
Fallow
Crop residue
Good
rc_strow_p
Row Crops
Straight row
Poor
rc_strow_g
Row Crops
Straight row
Good
rc_strowres_p
Row Crops
Straight row with residue
Poor
rc_strowres_g
Row Crops
Straight row with residue
Good
rc_cont_p
Row Crops
Contoured
Poor
rc_cont_g
Row Crops
Contoured
Good
rc_contres_p
Row Crops
Contoured with residue
Poor
rc_contres_g
Row Crops
Contoured with residue
Good
rc_contter_p
Row Crops
Contoured and terraced
Poor
rc_contter_g
Row Crops
Contoured and terraced
Good
rc_conterres_p
Row Crops
Contoured and terraced with residue
Poor
rc_conterres_g
Row Crops
Contoured and terraced with residue
Good
sg_strow_p
Small Grains
Straight row
Poor
sg_strow_g
Small Grains
Straight row
Good
sg_strowres_p
Small Grains
Straight row with residue
Poor
sg_strowres_g
Small Grains
Straight row with residue
Good
sg_cont_p
Small Grains
Contoured
Poor
sg_cont_g
Small Grains
Contoured
Good
sg_contres_p
Small Grains
Contoured with residue
Poor
sg_contres_g
Small Grains
Contoured with residue
Good
sg_contter_p
Small Grains
Contoured and terraced
Poor
sg_contter_g
Small Grains
Contoured and terraced
Good
sg_conterres_p
Small Grains
Contoured and terraced with residue
Poor
sg_conterres_g
Small Grains
Contoured and terraced with residue
Good
legr_strow_p
Close-seeded or Broadcast Legumes or Rotation
Straight row
Poor
legr_strow_g
Close-seeded or Broadcast Legumes or Rotation
Straight row
Good
legr_cont_p
Close-seeded or Broadcast Legumes or Rotation
Contoured
Poor
legr_cont_g
Close-seeded or Broadcast Legumes or Rotation
Contoured
Good
legr_contter_p
Close-seeded or Broadcast Legumes or Rotation
Contoured and terraced
Poor
legr_contter_g
Close-seeded or Broadcast Legumes or Rotation
Contoured and terraced
Good
pastg_p
Pasture, grassland, or range
---
Poor
pastg_f
Pasture, grassland, or range
---
Fair
pastg_g
Pasture, grassland, or range
---
Good
pasth
Meadow or continuous grass, no grazing, mowed for hay
---
---
brush_p
Brush-weed-grass mixture with brush the major element
---
Poor
brush_f
Brush-weed-grass mixture with brush the major element
---
Fair
brush_g
Brush-weed-grass mixture with brush the major element
---
Good
woodgr_p
Woods-grass combination (orchard or tree farm)
---
Poor
woodgr_f
Woods-grass combination (orchard or tree farm)
---
Fair
woodgr_g
Woods-grass combination (orchard or tree farm)
---
Good
wood_p
Forest
---
Poor
wood_f
Forest
---
Fair
wood_g
Forest
---
Good
farm
Farmsteads (buildings, lanes, driveways, and surrounding lots)
---
---
open_p
Open spaces (lawns, parks, golf courses, cemeteries, etc.)
---
Poor
urban
Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc. (excl. right-of-way)
---
---
paveroad
Paved streets and roads, open ditches (incl. right-of-way)
---
---
gravroad
Gravel streets and roads (incl. right-of-way)
---
---
dirtroad
Dirt streets and roads (incl. right-of-way)
---
---
Name of the conservation practice
The name of the conservation practice is a primary key referenced by cons_prac in landuse.lum. All names in the cons_practice.lum file must be unique.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
up_down_slope
Up-and-down slope
cross_slope
Cross-slope tillage
contour_farming
Contour tillage
strip_cros_slope
Strip cropping with cross-slope tillage
strip_contour
Strip cropping with contour tillage
contour_1-2
Contour tillage on 1-2% slopes
contour_3-5
Contour tillage on 3-5% slopes
contour_6-8
Contour tillage on 6-8% slopes
contour_9-12
Contour tillage on 9-12% slopes
contour_13-16
Contour tillage on 13-16% slopes
contour_17-20
Contour tillage on 17-20% slopes
contour_21-25
Contour tillage on 21-25% slopes
strip_1-2_past
Strip cropping on 1-2% slopes with pasture
strip_1-2_row
Strip cropping on 1-2% slopes with row crops
strip_3-5_past
Strip cropping on 3-5% slopes with pasture
strip_3-5_row
Strip cropping on 3-5% slopes with row crops
strip_6-8_past
Strip cropping on 6-8% slopes with pasture
strip_6-8_row
Strip cropping on 6-8% slopes with row crops
strip_9-12_past
Strip cropping on 9-12% slopes with pasture
strip_9-12_row
Strip cropping on 9-12% slopes with row crops
strip_13-16_past
Strip cropping on 13-16% slopes with pasture
strip_13-16_row
Strip cropping on 13-16% slopes with row crops
strip17-20_past
Strip cropping on 17-20% slopes with pasture
strip_17-20_row
Strip cropping on 17-20% slopes with row crops
strip_21-25_past
Strip cropping on 21-25% slopes with pasture
strip_21-25_row
Strip cropping on 21-25% slopes with row crops
ter_1-2_sodout
Terraces on 1-2% slopes with sod outlet
ter_1-2_undout
Terraces on 1-2% slopes with underflow outlet
ter_3-8_sodout
Terraces on 3-8% slopes with sod outlet
ter_3-8_undout
Terraces on 3-8% slopes with underflow outlet
ter_9-12_sodout
Terraces on 9-12% slopes with sod outlet
ter_9-12_undout
Terraces on 9-12% slopes with underflow outlet
ter_13-16_sodout
Terraces on 13-16% slopes with sod outlet
ter_13-16_undout
Terraces on 13-16% slopes with underflow outlet
ter_17-20_sodout
Terraces on 17-20% slopes with sod outlet
ter_17-20_undout
Terraces on 17-20% slopes with underflow outlet
ter_21-25_sodout
Terraces on 21-25% slopes with sod outlet
ter_21-25_undout
Terraces on 21-25% slopes with underflow outlet