> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://swatplus.gitbook.io/io-docs/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://swatplus.gitbook.io/io-docs/theoretical-documentation/section-5-land-cover-plant/actual-growth/growth-constraints.md).

# Growth Constraints

Plant growth may be reduced due to extreme temperatures, and insufficient water, nitrogen or phosphorus. The amount of stress for each of these four parameters is calculated on a daily basis using the equations summarized in the following sections.